2021ASCEND-DHIF-PHI anaemiaIn 2,964 dialysis patients with anaemia, the oral HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor daprodustat was non-inferior for haemoglobin and cardiovascular safety compared with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
2019PIVOTALIron therapyIn 2,141 incident haemodialysis patients, proactive high-dose intravenous iron reduced death and cardiovascular events compared with a reactive low-dose regimen.
2015OPAL-HKHyperkalaemiaIn 243 patients with CKD and hyperkalaemia on RAAS inhibitors, patiromer lowered serum potassium and recurrent hyperkalaemia compared with placebo withdrawal.
2014HARMONIZEHyperkalaemiaIn 258 patients with hyperkalaemia, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate maintained normokalaemia compared with placebo.
2012EVOLVEMineral & bone disorderIn 3,883 haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, cinacalcet did not significantly reduce death or cardiovascular events compared with placebo.
2010IDEALDialysis initiationIn 828 patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease, starting dialysis early did not improve survival compared with a later, symptom-guided start.
2010FHN DailyDialysis frequencyIn 245 haemodialysis patients, six-times-weekly haemodialysis improved the composite of death or left-ventricular mass compared with conventional thrice-weekly dialysis.
2009TREATAnaemia managementIn 4,038 patients with type 2 diabetes, CKD and anaemia, darbepoetin alfa did not reduce death or cardiovascular events and doubled the risk of stroke compared with placebo.
2006CHOIRAnaemia managementIn 1,432 patients with CKD and anaemia, targeting a higher haemoglobin with epoetin increased cardiovascular events compared with a lower haemoglobin target.
2006CREATEAnaemia managementIn 603 patients with CKD and anaemia, complete correction of haemoglobin did not reduce cardiovascular events compared with partial correction.
2002HEMODialysis doseIn 1,846 haemodialysis patients, a higher dialysis dose and high-flux membranes did not reduce mortality compared with standard dose and low-flux membranes.
2002ADEMEXPeritoneal dialysisIn 965 peritoneal-dialysis patients, increased peritoneal clearance did not reduce mortality compared with standard clearance.